1895年12月28日伦琴首先宣布他发现了x光线。
介入放射学是是20世纪70年代中期才开始发展起来的一门年轻学科,我国学者在口腔颌面介入放射学方面作出了令人瞩目的贡献。尽管很多理论及实践问题尚有待进一步的探讨,但其在口腔颌面部肿瘤及动静脉畸形诊断和治疗方面的应用价值是毋庸置疑的。
为了固定头颅,在拍摄第一张根尖片时将一块木板放置在患者与x线管之间,无意中首先使用了滤线板。
1982年瑞典学者首先将数字减影技术用于根尖片图像处理,大大提高了对微小骨病变的发现能力,特别是对于牙周炎骨改变的早期诊断能力。
维利博纳 ( 意 大 利 人)于 1 9 3 0 年 发 明
电离辐射是指能引起被作用物质电离的射线,可分为电磁辐射和粒子辐射两大类
电磁辐射是以互相垂直的电场和磁场,x线是核外产生,γ线是核内产生,均由光子组成。
电离辐射作用于机体产生生物效应,涉及电离辐射对机体的作用和机体对它的反应两方面。
当电离辐射与组织分子相互作用,其能量不足以将分子的轨道电子击出时,可使电子跃迁到较高能级的轨道上,使分子处于激发态,这一过程称为激发作用。
电离辐射对dna的损伤,包括从碱基损伤到糖基破坏。
使用口腔数字成像系统可以在一定范围内调节图像的亮度和对比度,提高图像的可读性,也可以明显减少重复检查。
职业人员(包括医院放射工作人员)平均年有效剂量不应超过20msv,普通人员年平均剂量不应超过1msv.
增加管电压与加大过滤层厚度虽然可以减少受检者的照射剂量,但是这种方法有一定的局限性。
屏蔽防护有
在进行x线检查时,若x线机的最高管电压为60kv或以下时,焦点距离患者皮肤不得小于100mm,若x线管电压在60kv以上时,则焦点距离皮肤不得少于200mm
根尖片投照时,成年人进行全口牙齿检查时,需用14张胶片
牙科x线机基本有三种形式:
颧骨后前位片又称为铁氏位片。
牙合翼片投照技术所用胶片是由3cm*4cm的根尖片改制而成。
华特位片又称为鼻颏位。
患者男,14岁,因上前牙变色及咬合不适就诊,检查可见牙冠呈红褐色,半年前患牙有外伤史,根尖x线片检查表现为髓腔及根管壁有圆形或卵圆形透射阴影,根尖区亦有阴影,可能的诊断
牙髓组织血液循环较差,髓室随年龄增长其内层继发性牙本质也逐渐增多而致髓室变窄,根尖孔也逐渐变小。
畸形尖的x线表现与牙萌出时间和有无感染有关。
根尖周肉芽肿是根尖周组织受到轻微缓慢的感染而产生的炎性肉芽组织,是慢性根尖周炎的一种主要病变类型。
牙周炎所引起的牙槽骨吸收常表现为三种类型
颈动脉体瘤b超声像图为低回声实性肿块,边界清晰,可有包膜反射光带,内部有较强的中等回声光电点。
发生在颌骨内的囊肿和全身其他骨骼相比明显多见。颌骨囊肿有牙源性和非牙源性之分。
因大多数颌骨囊肿局限于骨内生长,少有周围软组织的侵犯,故通常采用常规x线片检查即可。
根尖周囊肿和残余囊肿属于颌骨炎症性囊肿,后者因根尖周肉芽肿在拔牙后未作适当处理发展而来。
x线片检查表现为牙冠切缘高于邻牙,可见牙根的正常形态,但牙周膜间隙增宽,临床检查松动度ii-iii度,牙龈无明显异常,咬合有早接触,不可能的诊断
x线检查表现为牙冠切缘低于相邻牙,可见牙根的正常形态,但牙周膜间隙消失,临床检查无正常的生理动度,可能的诊断
牙槽骨骨折多发生于颌骨前部,可单发,也可与上、下颌骨或其他部位的骨折同时存在,常伴有唇部损伤,牙龈发红等。
下颌骨位置较为突出,是颌面损伤的好发部位,在颌面部骨折中,文献报道下颌骨骨折占45%-79%
颏孔区骨折发生在下颌骨体部前磨牙区,单发性骨折多见,骨折线可为纵形或斜形,也可为粉碎性骨折。
鼻骨为一菲薄的小骨片,位于颜面之而突出,受外伤易发生骨折。
根尖x线片检查时表现为根管内影像向根尖方向增宽的为
白血病特征为进行性、过度生成白细胞,并通常以不成熟的白细胞形式出现于循环血液中。
朗格汉斯组织细胞增生症主要x线表现是骨骼系统的损害,颅骨为最好发生病理损害的部位,其次为颌骨等。
骨纤维异常增殖症一般仅靠x线检查即可作出诊断。当上颌骨骨纤维异常增殖症扩展进入上颌窦、鼻腔及眼眶时,进行ct检查是必要的。
糖尿病是因胰岛素不足所引起的以糖代谢紊乱、血糖增高为主的慢性疾病。未经控制的糖尿病可有牙周炎、舌肿大及腮腺无痛性、弥漫性肿胀等。
在x线片上,根尖区呈圆形或椭圆形的密度减低区,周界清晰,无致密骨壁线的是
磁共振检查用于唾液腺肿瘤的诊断具有以下优点:无射线辐射损害,多参数成像,软组织对比度明显高于ct。
唾液腺导管或腺体内形成钙化性团块而引起的一系列病症称为唾液腺结石病。
锥形束ct和ct检查也可用于检查唾液腺导管结石。阳性结石呈圆形、卵圆形或柱状高密度影像。
约有10%-20%的导管结石是不阻射x线的,称为阴性结石。
根尖周病时x线检查不能明确诊断的为
颞下颌关节紊乱病自儿童至老人均可发生,但以青壮年为主,女性多于男性。
颞下颌关节紊乱病曾用颞下颌关节紊乱综合征等名称,为颞下颌关节最常见的疾病。其中部分患者病程迁延、反复发作、经久不愈,严重影响患者的咀嚼功能。
关节盘穿孔、破裂及病程迁延、经久不愈的各种关节盘移位病例,关节盘病理改变也为退行性改变。
关节盘侧方移位包括关节盘内移位及外移位。
患者女,45岁,右下56间经常食物嵌塞,近期加重,嵌塞的食物量增多,且不易清洁,有冷热敏感的症状,检查牙齿无松动,牙龈无明显异常,x线检查可发现
颌面部介入放射治疗的并发症有化疗及栓塞术后反应、局部组织坏死、颈动脉广泛痉挛。
口腔颌面部恶性肿瘤的介入治疗主要是经过导管行颈外动脉药物灌注术。
颌面部介入放射治疗并发症的预防术中和术后密切观察患者的反应,经常检查肢体活动情况,有无脑神经损害表现。一旦出现,应立即停止操作,并积极进行扩血管、抗凝及溶栓治疗。
口腔颌面部恶性肿瘤用药原则是联合用药,细胞周期非特异性药物和特异性药物的应用,合并用药通常以2-4种为宜。
整体观念的主要内容
下列属于“证候”范畴的是
具有主脉生理功能的脏
五行属火的脏是
“后天之本”指
脾为“气血生化之源”的生理基础是
脾主运化是指脾能够
肺主一身之气的运动体现于
主行水的脏是
大怒主要影响机体的
“先天之本”指
肾脏所藏之精是
机体的生长发育生殖与下列哪项关系密切
判断机体生长发育状况和衰老程度的客观标志是
促进和维持生殖机能的物质是
肝在志为怒
脾主运化体现在()和()两个方面。
属于阴中之阴是
属于阳的事物有
下列哪项不属于五行之土
下列哪项属于五行之火
风为哪一季节主气:
寒、湿、燥、热等邪,往往都依附于风而侵袭人体的现象称为风为百病之长。
风邪侵袭肌表,使肌腠疏松,汗孔开张,而出现汗出、恶风等症状。体现了风邪致病特点中的哪一个?
眩晕、震颤、四肢抽搐、角弓反张、直视上吊等症状。体现了风邪致病特点中的哪一个?
导致人体出现头晕头痛、头项强痛、面肌麻痹、口眼歪斜等临床表现的邪气是:
《伤寒论》“少阴病下利清谷,里寒外热,手足厥逆,脉微欲绝,身反不恶寒,其人面色赤……通脉四逆扬主之”,就是那种治法的范例
膀胱湿热所致的尿频、尿急、尿痛的病证适合使用那种治法?
热者寒之是逆治法中的类型。
热因热用是指热性药物治疗具有假热症状的病证。
食积所致的腹泻,泻下不畅,适合用以下哪种方法治疗?
化生、贮藏精气,是下列哪项的功能?
藏精气而不泄,实体性器官,是下列哪项的功能?
下列哪些属于腑?
下列哪些属于奇恒之腑?
气对各脏腑经络功能的激发,血液运行的推动作用,是气的什么性质决定的?
下列哪些是中医学里气概念的基本内涵?
下列哪些项是气生成的原材料?
血液的运行与哪些脏器有关?
生成血液的原材料是哪些?
血液的正常循行与气的哪些功能相关?
气对于血的作用有哪些?
下列哪项称做“血府”?
下列哪些属于津液的范畴?
津液有哪些生理功能 ?
气和津液的关系有哪些?
把水谷精微转化为津液属下列哪项气的作用?
津液的输布、排泄,也要依赖气化功能。这属于下列哪项的范畴?
血液渗出脉外发挥濡养作用是什么功能?
肝郁脾虚证以胸胁胀痛、腹胀、()、情志抑郁辨证要点。
肝郁脾虚证的病机包括三方面,分别是肝郁气滞、气郁化火、胃失和降。
当望舌判断不清时,可以让患者伸舌时间延长。
正常人的舌质颜色是什么样
诊脉时应保持诊室安静,尽量减少各种因素的干扰;在诊脉前必须要让患者稍作休息。
诊脉时,患者前臂自然前伸,与()置于同一水平。
浮沉脉是代表脉位浅深的一对相反脉。
以下可以诊断为迟脉的是
舌体胖大,有齿痕,主
舌红可见于
下列哪项属于个人生活史的问诊内容
消渴病3年属于主诉
症见自觉怕冷,得温不缓解者属于
日晡热甚,伴有腹胀腹痛,大便秘结者,属于
热证的主要临床表现是
寒证与热证的鉴别要点是
山楂的性味是:
山楂主治:
茯苓的性味是:
茯苓常用治:
酒制活血通经的药物是:
当归可用治
下列各项,不属苦味药作用的是
辛味药物的作用是
一种药物能减轻另一种药物的毒烈性,这种配伍关系是
七情配伍中,可提高药效的是
治疗湿热所致的腹泻、痢疾,胃热所致的呕吐,应选用的药物是
具有清热燥湿功能、治疗下焦湿热诸证和阴虚发热的药物是
治疗中气下陷,食少便溏,短气乏力,面目浮肿,小便不利者,应首选的药物是
患者,女,50岁。体弱多病,形体消瘦,气短乏力,纳食不香,头晕心慌,嗳气,腹胀,经查诊断为胃下垂,用药应首选的药物是
具有发汗平喘利尿作用的药是:
桂枝的功效是:
理中丸的功效是:
理中丸证腹痛的病机是:
大承气汤用治热结旁流,体现的治法是:
逍遥散中用薄荷的意义是:
大承气汤用治热厥,体现的治法是:
逍遥散的功用是:
下列不属于“八法”内容的是:
方剂组成变化有以下三种:
辛温解表剂的代表方有
麻黄汤的功用是解肌发表,调和营卫。
六味地黄丸出自:
六味地黄丸中“三补之药”包含
在补阳还五汤的主治证中,下列哪一项是错误的:
补阳还五汤主治中风阴虚阳亢证。
1、关某,女,40岁,平素性格内向,善惊易恐,来诊时症见心悸不宁,坐卧不安,少寐多梦而易惊醒,恶闻声响,苔薄白,脉弦细。本病治疗方药可用:
归脾汤治疗心悸的主要功效是振奋心阳。
受病脏腑与六郁的关系中,气郁、血郁、火郁主要关系于
患者症见精神抑郁,性情急躁,头痛,失眠,健忘,胸胁疼痛,舌质紫暗,有瘀点、瘀斑,脉弦或涩。其诊断为( )
安神定志中丸没有的药物是:
天王补心丹主治的心悸其证候类型为:
心悸气短,头晕目眩,失眠健忘,面色无华,倦怠乏力,纳呆食少,舌淡红,脉细弱。治宜:
患者咽中如有物梗塞,吞之不下,咯之不出,精神抑郁,胸部闷塞,胁肋胀满,苔白腻,脉弦滑。治疗可选用甘麦大枣汤。
患者性情急躁易怒,胸胁胀满;口苦而干,或头痛、目赤、耳鸣,或嘈杂吞酸,大便秘结,舌质红,苔黄,脉弦数。治疗宜选用加味逍遥散。
半夏厚朴汤的药物组成正确的是:
折针的主要原因是()
晕针处理方法是患者平卧,头部垫高。
十二经脉命名的主要依据是
经络是经脉和奇经八脉的总称。
胸剑联合中点至脐中的骨度分寸是
关于太冲穴的描述,正确的是
期门穴位于第6肋间隙,前正中线旁开( )寸。
手指同身寸定位法是指依据医者本人手指所规定的分寸来量取腧穴的定位方法。
肩胛骨内侧缘至后正中线的尺寸是( )
经脉是经络系统的主干。
数值计算方法研究的误差有()
对于下列表达式,用浮点数运算,精度较高是
关于steffensen(斯蒂芬森)迭代方法,下列命题中正确的是:
关于newton迭代法,下列命题中正确的是:
列主元gauss消去法与gauss顺序消元法相比,优点是:
给定n 1个互异的插值节点,求插值多项式。下列命题中正确的是:
关于插值多项式对值函数的逼近效果,正确的命题是:
关于差商,下列命题中正确的命题是:
关于多项式插值的runge现象,下列命题中正确的命题是:
关于三次样条函数,下列命题中正确的命题是:
用正交多项式求一个函数的最佳平方逼近多项式的主要优点是节省计算量。
用数值求积方法比用newton-leibniz公式求积分的优点是:
最速下降法和共轭梯度法都适合求解对称方程组,并且共轭梯度法的收敛速度更快。
求解非线性方程组的拟newton法是newton迭代法的一种简化改进方法,大幅度降低了计算量。
在幂法的每步迭代中把向量约化的原因是:
幂法的收敛速度主要决定于:
求矩阵特征值的jacobi方法仅适合求实对称正定矩阵的特征值。
关于求矩阵特征值的qr方法,正确的命题有:
求解微分方程初值问题的euler方法是1阶方法。
关于求解微分方程初值问题的显式方法与隐式方法,下列命题中正确的命题有:
求解微分方程初值问题的多步方法不是自开始的,需要先用单步方法计算前几步。
青春期前,睾丸生精小管内含有的生精细胞是( )。
有可能导致男性不育症的原因包括( )。
卵泡呈球形,由多个卵母细胞和一个卵泡细胞组成。( )
排卵期,女性身体上可以出现以下哪些变化( )。
受精的部位是在( )。
受精具有非常重要的意义,包括( )。
胚泡植入的部位多位于( )。
如果胚泡植入位于近子宫颈处,在此形成胎盘,胎盘下缘会覆盖子宫颈内口,位置低于胎儿的先露部,这种现象称为宫外孕。( )
单卵双胎的特点,包括( )。
影响异卵双胎的发生因素,包括( )。
出生缺陷,是指婴儿出生前,在母体子宫内生长发育异常,导致出生时就已经具有的先天缺陷,包括先天性结构畸形、先天性功能缺陷、先天性代谢紊乱及先天性行为发育异常等。( )
导致生化妊娠的原因之一就是胚胎本身存在缺陷。( )
( )也称为蹼状指,是由于在7-8周时胚胎受到极轻微损伤,抑制了细胞凋亡,使手指发育分化过程局部停顿,形成手指先天性相连。
根据畸形的形成过程进行分类,可将先天畸形分为( )。
致畸因子包括( )。
非电离性辐射与离子电磁辐射一样,都具有较强的致畸作用。( )
风疹病毒、巨细胞病毒等是通过水平传播从母体传播给孩子,引起子代感染。( )
风疹病毒感染会影响胎儿发育,可以导致先天性风疹综合征三联征,典型症状包括( )。
孕妇感染弓形虫,如果没有无症状,就不会通过垂直传播将弓形虫传播给胎儿引起先天性感染。( )
优生优育五项检查,即torch检查,除检测是否有弓形虫感染外,还能检测( )。
几乎所有的抗生素类药物都能通过胎盘,导致胎儿畸形。( )
父源性暴露同样会引起子代发育异常,如流产、死胎、低出生体重儿、先天畸形等。( )
致畸敏感期是指( )。
出生缺陷预防措施中一级预防包括( )。
对新生儿疾病进行早期筛查、早期诊断,采取及时、有效的治疗和康复,提高患儿的生活质量,防止病残,促进健康,属于出生缺陷的( )。
基因的化学本质是( )。
研究表明,人类的基因约有( )。
体细胞的基因突变,也可以传递给后代,通过突变细胞的分裂增殖在子代细胞中传递,形成突变的细胞克隆,是肿瘤发生的遗传学基础。( )
早衰症、不老女婴和毛孩三种先天畸形,都是由于基因突变导致的。
遗传病的特征包括( )。
down综合征,也就是先天愚型,属于哪一种人类遗传病( )。
苯丙酮尿症,是一种先天性代谢病,属于哪一种人类遗传病( )。
pku是世界上近7000种遗传病中少数几个可控的病种之一,是第一个可通过饮食控制治疗的遗传性代谢病。( )
成骨不全对生育能力有较大影响,如果考虑孕育下一代的话,准爸爸准妈妈应当进行遗传咨询,并进行基因检测诊断成骨不全的类型。( )
( )型是成骨不全中最轻、最常见的,约到50%-60%。
染色体病患者临床症状具有相同的特点,包括( )
rh阴性女性怀孕时,胎儿溶血风险会明显增加。( )
rh阴性孕妇分娩rh阳性胎儿72小时内,接受抗体注射做被动免疫再次怀孕时可以预防发生溶血。( )
妊娠前和妊娠早期补充复合维生素有助于降低唇腭裂发病率。
唇腭裂的发生与多种因素有关,包括( )。
研究发现,怀孕早期(8周内),如果孕妇过度震惊、恐惧,情绪紧张,出现内分泌失调,可以导致胎儿唇腭裂。( )
唇腭裂患儿喂养时,需要注意的事项包括( )。
目前认为,一个完善的唇腭裂治疗组包括( )。
国际医学界普遍认为手术是治疗唇腭裂的唯一有效办法。( )
腭裂手术晚于唇裂手术,一般在婴儿10~12个月大时进行。( )
目前国际上一般用“3个10的定律”来衡量唇裂修复的最佳时机,包括( )。
分泌性中耳炎高发于腭裂患儿,是一种化脓性中耳炎,以中耳积液及听力下降为主要特征。( )
腭裂患儿常常会出现过度的鼻音、吐字不清等语音障碍,需要尽早进行语音治疗。( )
左心房与左心室之间的房室瓣称为( )。
与右心室相连的是( )。
多种因素可以导致先天性心脏病的发生,包括( )。
妊娠( )后,可以进行胎儿超声心动图检查,观察胎儿心脏及血管结构。
肺动脉狭窄、主动脉缩窄,属于( )先天性心脏病。
先天性心脏病发病率中占首位的是( )。
胎儿体内血液循环途径与成人是不同的,卵圆孔、动脉导管和静脉导管都处于开放状态,才能维持胎儿存活。( )
法洛四联症包括( )。
发绀型先天性心脏病手术成功率比非发绀型先天性心脏病要稍高
关于先天性心脏病介入治疗的描述,哪项不正确( )。
导致脑性瘫痪的致病因素,包括( )。
( )是脑瘫中最常见的类型,扶着站立时,髋关节呈屈曲模式,膝关节屈曲不易伸直或过伸,足尖着地,步行呈现剪刀样步态,足内翻或外翻。
约半数以上小儿脑瘫会出现视力障碍,常见症状包括( )。
神经管闭合畸形属于( )。
( )是常见的神经系统发育畸形,是胚胎时期神经管闭合过程中发生障碍,引起的脊柱椎管发生闭合不全,使脊膜或脊髓从裂隙中膨出形成囊性肿物。
正常蝶囟出生后即闭合,后囟在3个月闭合,前囟在2岁左右闭合;出生后第2年额缝和部分矢状缝自然闭合,矢状缝完全闭合。( )
外耳包括( )。
能够感受头部的位置觉的是( )。
下列耳郭畸形中,属于结构畸形的是( )。
先天性小耳畸形是发病率仅次于唇腭裂的颜面部先天畸形,患儿内耳发育多正常,通过骨传导,患侧耳能有40%的听力。( )
先天性听力障碍分为遗传性和非遗传性两类,其中非遗传性多于遗传性。( )
绝大多数先天性耳聋属于( )。
新生儿听力筛查,初筛没通过或可疑者,或者虽然初筛通过,但属于听力损失高危儿,还需要在出生( )内进行听力复筛。
听力障碍的患儿,出生后6个月内就可以接受治疗,目前常用的干预治疗方法包括( )。
脊柱四个生理弯曲中凸向前的是( )。
应用cobb法检测脊柱侧弯的严重程度,如果角度大于( )定为脊柱侧弯。
最常见的脊柱侧弯的类型是( )。
发育性髋关节发育不良包括( )。
发育性髋关节发育不良的发生与多种因素有关,包括( )。
ddh单侧脱位,健侧大腿内侧或臀下皮肤皱襞会加深或数目增多。( )
马蹄内翻足不仅有先天性的,外伤、神经和血管疾病可以导致后天性马蹄内翻足。( )
治疗先天性马蹄内翻足的黄金时段是( )。
“美人鱼综合征”虽然是一种罕见的先天性下肢畸形,但患儿存活率却很高。( )
先天性肌性斜颈是由胸锁乳突肌内的纤维瘤病所致,发病原因与以下哪些因素有关( )。
联(连)体儿发生于同卵双生,由一个受精卵分裂而成,一般发生在怀孕后( )。
联(连)体双胎分为对称型和不对称型,以下不属于对称型的是( )。
睾丸决定因子sry蛋白位于x染色体短臂上。( )
外生殖器及第二性征介入男女两性之间,体内同时存在睾丸和卵巢,性染色体是嵌合性,具有46,xy和46,xx两种核型,这种属于( )。10
闭锁部位于( )以上属于高位畸形,位于( )中间或稍下方为中间位畸形,位于( )以下则称为低位畸形。
闭锁症的有些手术需要进行分期手术,一般分3次进行,先后顺序为( )。
胎龄达( )后,肺表面活性物质才迅速进入肺泡表面。
新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征,多发生于早产儿,过低体重儿,胎龄越小,发病率越高,体重越轻病死率越高。( )
视障不等于全盲,包括全盲和弱视,其中又以全盲居多。( )
先天性白内障属于( )。
新生儿评估,即apgar评估,包括( )。
正常新生儿出生时体重平均约为3kg,平均身长约50cm。( )
早产儿又称未成熟儿,是指胎龄未滿37周,出生体重低于2500g,身长不到47cm的活产新生儿。( )
nicu是a neonatal intensive care unit的缩写,译成中文就是( )。
特殊儿童在心理方面有一些与正常儿童不同的特点,包括( )。
针对有风险因素的特殊儿童群体开展早期干预,通过早期筛查,关注特殊群体的处境,进行针对性的问题诊断、危机干预和风险化解,及早排除隐患问题,减少发展性障碍或者疾患的发生率。以上属于对待特殊儿童三级预防模式中的( )。
2009年开展的全国农村地区实施增补( )预防神经管缺陷项目以及农村孕产妇住院分娩补助项目。
我国出生缺陷防治面临“三个不平衡”问题,包括( )。
遗弃造成死亡的严重后果是,要面临三年以上七年以下,情节较轻的,处三年以下。( )
国外现已有允许对于出生缺陷儿实施安乐死。( )
the name of the united kingdom of great britain and northern ireland began to be used in ________.
________ is/are the most important mineral resources in great britain.
the english people are descendants of ________.
the established church of england and wales is ________.
scotland has had a separate ________ system in the uk.
god save the queen/the king, the national anthem of the united kingdom, is also used as the national anthem in other countries.
the prime meridian of 0° crosses the old royal observatory at greenwich in the uk.
thanks to ________, great britain is rich in water resources.
which of the following is the largest ethnic group in the united kingdom?
it is established by the law that english is the official language of the united kingdom.
great britain is on its way to withdraw from ________.
the earliest settlers on the british isles were the ____________.
from 700 b.c., the celts came from the ________ and began to inhabit british isles.
in a.d. 43, romans under ________ conquered britain.
which of the following was not a thing of value left behind by romans?
roman britain lasted until the year of ________ when all roman troops went back to the continent.
in the middle of the fifth century, anglo-saxons came from the region of ________ and the low countries and settled in britain.
the earliest settlers on the british islands were anglo-saxons.
the romans under claudius conquered the south of britain in a.d. 43.
from 1017 to 1042, england was ruled by danish kings.
in the late 9th century, the danes or scandinavians began to attack the english coast.
the doomsday book was in fact a record of each man's ______.
the war between matilda and stephen resulted in the establishment of the house of ________.
feudali was established in england after ________.
after his conquest of england, william i began to organize the government of england on the system based on the ownership of land.
in the house of normandy, the church interfered with the county courts ruled by sheriff.
after his conquest of england, william i controlled the country only by building castles all over the country.
when william i died, he left normandy to his eldest son, robert.
the first british parliament was summoned in the year of ________.
the great charter aimed at restricting the power of the ________.
“lackland” is the nickname of ________.
_______ launched the hundred years' war.
the hundred years’ war was a war against _______.
in 1381, peasants in _______ in england first rebelled.
simon de montfort called the “all estates parliament” in 1295.
wars of the roses were fought constantly between the lancastrians and the yorkists from 1455 to 1485.
“the model parliament” were summoned in 1295.
henry ⅱ is best remembered for his reform of ________.
the two centuries just before the outbreak of the bourgeois revolution were a period of ________.
charles i ruled without parliament for ________ years.
the “glorious revolution” of 1688 put ________ on the throne.
the 15th and 16th centuries were marked by the decline of feudali and the rise of capitali in the english history.
england was cruelly ruled by oliver cromwell in the period of commonwealth.
the first civil war in britain lasted for ________ years.
the british industrial revolution first began in the ________ industry.
the term “rotten boroughs” means ________.
the british empire reached the peak of its colonial expansion after the ________.
victoria's reputation in britain was also due to her personality.
the industrial revolution in britain first began in the clothing industry.
after the industrial revolution, britain became the “workshop of the world.”
oliver twist was written by charles dickens.
the british empire began with the founding of newfoundland in 1583,
in 1930s, the league of nations was controlled by ________.
the munich agreement was a non-aggression pact between ________ on the one hand and nazi germany on the other.
the british commonwealth of nations is a/an ________ organization.
japan attacked pearl harbor in ________.
which of the following terms best describes the economic situation of britain in 1970s?
the underlying aim of thatcheri is ________.
american and russia joined the league of nations immediately after its formation.
elizabeth ii became the queen because she was the oldest child of an oldest child and entitled to the throne.
the british empire fell after the end of the second world war.
which of the following belongs to the process of de-colonization?
________ were characteristic of the british economy in relation to other developed economies.
under margaret thatcher, british economy in the 1980s gradually ________.
british economy in the 1970s was characterized by ________.
the british beef industry has been hit badly by ________ disease in cattle towards 1996.
like most developed economies, the uk has seen a relative ________ of the importance of secondary industry and a spectacular ________ in tertiary industries.
primary industries include such areas as ________.
which of the following statements about the uk economy after world war ii is not true?
in britain, the uk parliament consists of _________.
whenever a person is made a minister of cabinet rank in the uk, he or she is made a member of ________.
the cabinet meets ________ in one of the rooms in the prime minister's official residence, no. 10 downing street.
all the government ministers of britain must be members of ________.
in the united kingdom, death penalty for murder was abolished in 1969.
the general election in britain is held every 4 years.
in the united kingdom, ________ is seen as the party of the “middle”, occupying the ideological ground between the two main parties.
the deposit that a british mp candidate has to pay is supposed to ________.
british government is established on the basis of constitutional monarchy.
the king or the queen in the uk has the right to appoint the prime minister and other ministers of his or her own will.
hawaii is situated in the central atlantic ocean.
mount whitney (4 418m) is the highest peak in the united states.
the united states is the ________ largest country in the world in terms of land area.
the famous niagara falls are located on the us-canadian border ________.
southern florida has a/an ________ climate.
the climate of the northern part of the pacific coast in the united states is similar to that of england.
today, the united states imports more oil and natural gas than it exports.
hispanics in the us speak ________.
thirteen stripes on the national flag of the united states represent the original thirteen colonies that declared independence from england.
the personification of the united states is ________.
the statue of liberty was a gift presented to the united states by the united kingdom.
________ leads the united states in annual growth of commercial trees.
columbus first began his voyage from a harbor in ________.
the new world discovered by columbus was named after ________.
in the early colonization of americas, portugal set up colonies in______.
the province of georgia belonged to ________.
the earliest british settlement on north america was ________.
spain explored and colonized much of ________ and ________.
________ was the colony set up by colonel james oglethorpe in 1733.
delaware was settled by people from sweden.
the new england colonies became a center for all farms.
in 1620, a group of puritans set sail for america on a ship called the mayflower.
in 1682, a group of quakers headed by william penn set up the colony of pennsylvania.
columbus offered his services to queen isabella of spain.
despite its name, the french and indian war was a war fought between ________.
george washington took office as the president of the united states of america in ________.
as a result of the french and indian war, the ________ lost all their land in north america.
in the 18th century, people in europe began to believe that it is ________ that guided the universe.
according to john locke, the most important natural law was that no man should take away the life, liberty, or property of another.
during american war of independence, the british army was composed mainly of farmers, craften, and all traders.
during american war of independence, the motto of the colonies was “no taxation without representation.”
the us constitution was written and ratified in 1791.
the united states purchased louisiana territory from ________ in 1803.
the mexican territories annexed by the united states as a result of the mexican war include ________.
the oregon region includes the following present states ________.
the american industrial revolution began in 1807 with its ________ industry.
when the united states was first founded, it consisted of only thirteen states, with a territory of about ________ square kilometers.
in ________, there came a flood of new immigrants from europe to the united states because labor was needed with the rapid development of industry in america, and most european countries were in a very bad state.
the spanish-american war strengthened the us interventions in ________.
in the late half of the 19th century, ________ was the main objective of the us overseas expansion.
the establishment of the league of nations was initiated by ________.
________ were the measures of the new deal of the roosevelt administration..
the united states and china established diplomatic relations in the year of ________.
in ________, us congress passed the taft-hartley act.
the japanese attack on the american naval base of the pearl harbor in 1941, brought the united states into the second world war.
in the first two decades after the second world war, the us government adopted a policy of cold war and “containment” in its relationship with the soviet union.
the united states seized hawaii from spain after the spanish-american war of 1898.
the three stages that the american economy has experienced in its development are commercial capitali, industrial capitali and corporate capitali.
now the united states economy is dominated by enormous, ersified, multinational monopolistic corporations.
in the ________ stage american economy developed rapidly.
the south of the us has now become ________ developed industrial region.
canned fish and lumber are the chief manufactured products of ________.
________ are all in the corn belt.
the automobile is the most popular means of transportation in the united states.
china, japan and canada were the top three import partners of the united states.
the president of the united states exercises the ________ power.
the power of the u.s. president has ________.
the constitution of the united states says that only ________ can declare war upon other nations.
the number of representatives of the us house of representatives from each state is fixed according to the size of ________ the state has.
________ is the most important part of a state government.
the chief executive of a state is the ________.
in 1951, congress passed an amendment to the constitution to limit a president to eight years successively in office.
the american voters do not vote directly for the president but vote for the electors.
the state legislature in most states of the united states usually consists of two houses.
australia is the ________ largest country in the world.
australia is surrounded by the taan sea and the ________ ocean to the east, by the ________ ocean to the west.
many aspects of australian way of life are still ________, though australians are the descendants of many nations.
the commonwealth of australia was formed in the year of _________.
the most pleasant part of australia is the southeastern coastland, while two thirds of the continent is ________ and ________ in terms of climate.
off the northeastern coast of australia is a 2000km line of coral island and reefs known as the great barrier reef.
in recent years, australian governments have encouraged people with different ethnic backgrounds to keep their own cultures. the policy is called multiculturali.
australia was once a british penal colony, and now has become one of the developed countries in the world.
________ are the factors that affect the efficiency of australian manufacturing.
australia is the world's largest exporter of wool.
the australian constitution is based on the principle of federali and the principle of responsible government.
canada ranks the ________ among the largest countries in area in the world.
vancouver is the capital city of canada.
the most developed and the most densely populated part of canada is st. lawrence and great lakes region.
general elections are held at least every six years in canada and the prime minister is directly elected by the voters.
both ________ and ________ are official languages in new zealand. english is the common and everyday language of new zealanders.
seasons are opposite to those in the northern hemisphere. summer lasts from september to november.
like the united states, new zealand's constitution doesn't have a written form.
极低出生体重儿系指( )
早产儿的特点有( )
新生儿的神经反射,下列哪项不正常( )
新生儿复苏方案中的abcd指什么( )
以下哪些新生儿产生呼吸的方法是错误的(多选)( )
对发生窒息的新生儿进行复苏的措施中,哪一项是最重要和最有效的措施( )
下列哪一项不符合新生儿肺透明膜病的肺部x线表现? ( )
新生儿肺透明膜病的病因最正确的是( )
新生儿呼吸窘迫综合征的主要体征是( )
新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病的临床症状应除外( )
诊断新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病常用的辅助检查应除外( )
新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病的治疗应除外( )
新生儿生理性黄疸的原因与以下哪项无关( )
新生儿病理性黄疸的临床特征是(多选) ( )
患儿出生24小时,体重3200g,血清总胆红素18mg/dl(307.8μmol/l)未结合胆红素15mg/dl(256.5μmol/l),首选治疗方案是( )
下列哪项不是新生儿溶血病的临床表现( )
新生儿 ab0 溶血病发生在( )
下列哪些概念是错误的? (多选)( )
新生儿败血症的主要感染途径是( )
新生儿败血症最有助诊断的检查是( )
新生儿败血症的抗菌素治疗中,下列哪项不正确( )
10天男孩,足月顺产拒奶,嗜睡,惊厥二天,查体:双眼凝视,面色青灰,前囟紧张,脐部有脓性分泌物,为确定诊断应首先做哪项检查? ( )
新生儿腰椎穿刺的部位( )
什么情况下不能进行腰椎穿刺( )
新生儿早期哺乳,要求在出生后( )
新生儿消化系统特点中,下列哪项是错误的( )
新生儿排出胎便的正常时间是( )
早产儿出现的呼吸暂停是指( )
正常新生儿呼吸系统特点描述哪项错误( )
新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病时发生惊厥,首选的药物是( )
新生儿病态反应为( )
以下关于新生儿尿布疹的说法不正确的是( )
给新生儿洗澡的水温应在( )
以下关于抚触的说法不正确的是( )
以下哪项不是母乳喂养的重要作用:
与乳汁分泌有关的激素:
纯母乳喂养持续6个月,6个月后在加辅食的基础上,持续母乳喂养到婴儿2岁以上。
母亲喂奶正确的是:
该婴儿含接姿势不正确的是:
环抱式哺乳适用于双胎、婴儿含接困难、治疗乳腺管阻塞或母亲喜欢这种。
鹅口疮患儿喂养过程中,以下错误的是:
含接姿势不当的后果:
初乳的特点:
以下哪些方法不用于母乳的解冻和加热:
母乳代用品包括:
为了保护、支持和促进母乳喂养who和unicef(儿基会)制定了:
以下那些是新生儿加奶指征:
识别新生儿饥饿要点:
宝宝的第一口辅食建议选择什么:
在意外接触hbv 感染者的血液和体液后,下面处理方法哪一项是错误的? ( )
麻疹的潜伏期为 ( )
下列属于预防接种异常反应的是 ( )
接种减毒活疫苗后( )周 ,可使用免疫球蛋白;使用免疫球蛋白后 ( ) 月,可接种减毒活疫苗。( )
母亲为hbsag阳性的新生儿乙肝同时接种乙肝免疫球蛋白和乙肝疫苗。
新生儿期是指( )
小儿死亡率最高的时期是( )
下列选项不属于新生儿原始反射的是( )
不是常用的评价儿童体格生长的方法的选项是( )
新生儿的注意表现为( )
胎儿期是指( )
可引起多个系统尤其是神经系统畸形,对放射线非常敏感的胎儿时期是( )
影响母子的高危因素,不正确的是( )
胎儿期是生长发育最重要的时期为( )
幼儿期的特点是( )
小儿容易发生意外伤害和中毒的时期是( )
3岁小儿的体重按公式计算应为( )
小儿语言发育三个阶段的顺序是( )
出生后生长发育最快的时期是( )
最能反应婴儿营养状况的体格发育指标是( )
小儿体重7kg,身长65cm,前囟约2×2cm,开始出牙,能伸手取玩具,可独坐片刻,发出单音节。最可能的月龄是( )
学龄前期儿童的特点中,不正确的是( )
学龄前期儿童的记忆特点中,不正确的是( )
学龄前期儿童的记忆大多属于( )
儿童心理发育概念中,包括( )
儿童生长发育第二次高峰时期出现在( )
出生后第一个十年基本不发育的系统是( )
青春期综合征的特点不包括( )
tanner分期把性发育共分为( )
青春期儿童的特点包括 ( )
12岁以上儿童的思维模式( )
有关学龄期儿童语言发育的描述,下面哪项不正确( )
学龄儿童发展经历了哪几期( )
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